NECO Government OBJ 2025
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NECO Government Essay 2025
Number 1
(1a)
An electoral constituency is a geographical area or district represented by an elected official or group of officials in a legislative body. It is the area from which voters elect their representatives to a legislative office such as a parliament or local council. Each constituency contains a certain number of eligible voters, and the boundaries are often drawn based on population size to ensure fair representation.
(1b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) System: Also known as simple majority or plurality system, it is the system where the candidate with the highest number of votes in a constituency wins, regardless of whether they have an absolute majority. It is commonly used in the United Kingdom and Nigeria.
(ii) Proportional Representation (PR) System: In this system, political parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes they receive. It is designed to reflect the overall support of political parties among the voters. It is used in countries like South Africa and Israel.
(iii) Second Ballot System (Two-Round System): If no candidate wins a majority in the first round of voting, a second round is conducted between the top two candidates. The winner in the second round becomes the elected official. This system is used in France.
(iv) Alternative Vote (AV) System: Also known as preferential voting, voters rank candidates in order of preference. If no candidate wins an outright majority, the lowest-ranked candidate is eliminated, and votes are redistributed until one candidate gets a majority.
(v) Mixed Electoral System: This combines elements of both first-past-the-post and proportional representation. Voters typically cast two votes: one for a candidate in their constituency and another for a party list. Germany and Japan use this system.
(vi) Cumulative Voting System: In this system, voters have multiple votes that they can allocate to one or several candidates as they choose. It is designed to increase minority representation. It is mainly used in corporate and organizational elections.
(vii) Block Vote System: Used in multi-member constituencies, voters have as many votes as there are seats to be filled. The candidates with the most votes win. This often favors the majority group and is less proportional.
(viii) Single Transferable Vote (STV) System: This is a proportional system used in multi-member constituencies where voters rank candidates. A candidate must reach a quota of votes to be elected, and excess votes are transferred based on voter preferences. It is used in Ireland and Malta.
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Number 2
(2)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Federal System of Government: In a federal state like Nigeria or the United States, bicameralism is often adopted to give equal representation to different regions or states in one house (usually the upper house) while the population determines representation in the lower house. This ensures balance between large and small units of the federation.
(ii) Population Size and Diversity: Countries with large and diverse populations may adopt bicameralism to accommodate different ethnic, religious, cultural, or linguistic groups. It helps prevent the domination of minority groups by a majority in a unicameral system.
(iii) Historical and Colonial Influence: The political history or colonial experience of a country may influence its legislative structure. For instance, former British colonies often adopt bicameral legislatures modeled after the British Parliament (House of Commons and House of Lords).
(iv) Desire for Checks and Balances: A bicameral system promotes internal checks within the legislature. One house can review and correct the actions of the other, preventing hasty or poorly considered laws from being passed, and ensuring more debate and scrutiny.
(v) Need for Broader Representation: Bicameralism ensures broader representation of the people and interests. While the lower house represents the population, the upper house may represent states, regions, or special interest groups like professionals or traditional rulers.
(vi) Prevention of Legislative Tyranny: With two chambers, the power of the legislature is divided, which reduces the chances of one body imposing its will unchecked. This structure helps to safeguard democracy and protect civil liberties.
(vii) Promotion of Stability in Governance: Bicameral legislatures often provide greater political stability by slowing down the legislative process and making it more deliberate. This minimizes rash decisions and helps produce well-thought-out laws.
(viii) Accommodation of Different Interests: In heterogeneous societies, bicameralism helps accommodate the varying interests of different social, regional, and economic groups. It ensures that all major sections of society feel included in national lawmaking.
(ix) Influence of Constitution or Political Theory: Some constitutions or political ideologies recommend or require a bicameral system as a feature of balanced governance. Countries may adopt it based on constitutional provisions that define how power should be structured.
(x) Desire for Better Lawmaking Process: Two chambers reviewing bills before they become law ensures that mistakes, loopholes, and weaknesses are detected and corrected. It leads to more effective, inclusive, and representative legislation.
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Number 3
(3)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Promotion of Democracy: Public opinion strengthens democratic governance by giving the people a voice in decision-making. When citizens express their views on issues, leaders are encouraged to act in line with the wishes of the majority, ensuring that the government remains accountable to the people.
(ii) Influence on Government Policy: Public opinion helps to shape government policies. When a large number of people express concern about a particular issue—such as education, security, or unemployment—the government is often compelled to address it to maintain public support.
(iii) Encouragement of Political Participation: The active expression of public opinion motivates people to take part in political activities like voting, campaigning, protesting, and attending political debates. This increases civic responsibility and strengthens democracy.
(iv) Checks Government Excesses: Public opinion acts as a watchdog over government actions. When leaders attempt to abuse power or engage in corruption, public criticism and pressure from citizens can force them to reverse harmful decisions or resign.
(v) Promotion of Transparency and Accountability: When the public closely monitors and questions the activities of public officials, it promotes openness and accountability. Leaders become more careful in their actions, knowing they are being watched by the citizens and media.
(vi) Serves as a Feedback Mechanism: Public opinion allows the government to understand how people feel about certain policies or programs. It serves as a feedback channel through which leaders can assess whether their decisions are popular or need to be changed.
(vii) Helps in Policy Evaluation: The response of the public to existing laws or policies helps the government determine which policies are working and which are not. This aids in policy review and future planning.
(viii) Encourages Political Education: Public discussion and debate around issues of national importance help to educate citizens about their rights, responsibilities, and the workings of the political system. This creates a more informed and active citizenry.
(ix) Strengthens National Unity: When people collectively express views on national issues, it creates a sense of shared identity and common purpose. This can bring people together across ethnic, religious, or regional lines to support national interests.
(x) Gives a Voice to the Minority: In democratic systems, public opinion is not only about the majority view. It also gives minority groups a platform to express their grievances and advocate for their rights. This protects them from marginalization and fosters inclusion.
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Number 4
(4)
(i) First Reading: This is the initial stage in the process of law-making. The bill is introduced and presented to the legislative chamber, either the House of Representatives or the Senate. At this point, the Clerk of the House reads only the short title of the bill aloud. There is no debate or discussion. The aim is to officially notify the members about the proposed bill. After the reading, copies of the bill are printed and distributed to all members for study and consideration. This stage serves as a formal announcement of the bill’s existence.
(ii) Second Reading: The second reading is where the general principles and objectives of the bill are debated on the floor of the house. Members are allowed to speak in support of or against the bill. The debate focuses on the necessity, benefits, and potential effects of the bill on society. After the debate, the bill is put to a vote. If the majority of the members vote in favor, the bill successfully passes this stage and proceeds to the committee stage. If rejected, the bill may be dropped entirely.
(iii) Committee Stage:
Here, the bill is assigned to a relevant committee—either a standing or ad hoc committee—for thorough scrutiny. The committee examines the bill clause by clause, corrects errors, clarifies vague parts, and can recommend amendments. During this stage, public hearings may also be conducted to get the views of stakeholders, experts, or interest groups. This is the most detailed stage of the legislative process, as it ensures the bill is technically and legally sound before returning to the full house.
(iv) Report Stage: Once the committee has completed its work, it prepares a report that outlines its findings and any proposed amendments. This report is then submitted to the entire house. Members debate the committee’s recommendations and may further amend the bill. Each clause and amendment is debated and voted upon. This stage allows the house to finalize and refine the bill based on input gathered during the committee stage.
(v) Third Reading: This is the final stage of legislative consideration in that particular house. The entire bill, in its amended form, is read out one last time. The debate at this stage is minimal or sometimes skipped entirely. The focus is now on whether to accept or reject the final version of the bill. A vote is then taken. If the bill is passed, it proceeds to the other house (in a bicameral legislature) where it undergoes the same process. If both houses agree on the same version of the bill, it is sent to the President or Governor.
(vi) Assent by the President or Governor: After a bill has been passed by both legislative chambers, it is forwarded to the President (at the federal level) or the Governor (at the state level) for assent. The executive reviews the bill and, if satisfied, signs it into law. However, if the President or Governor withholds assent, the bill may be sent back to the legislature with comments. If the legislature insists on the bill and passes it again by a two-thirds majority, it becomes law without the executive’s approval. Once assented to, the bill is officially gazetted and becomes enforceable.
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Number 5
(5)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Widespread Political Instability: The annulment led to widespread political unrest and instability across the country. Many Nigerians, especially in the South-West region, took to the streets in protests and demonstrations. The situation became uncontrollable in many cities, leading to the loss of lives and property. The country was thrown into a state of confusion and disorder.
(ii) Loss of Public Confidence in Elections and Democracy: Nigerians began to lose faith in the electoral process and democracy in general. Many believed that if such a free and fair election could be canceled, then future elections could also be manipulated or ignored. This created a lasting distrust between the people and the political system.
(iii) Prolongation of Military Rule: Instead of transitioning to a civilian government as promised, the annulment allowed the military to continue in power. General Sani Abacha eventually seized power later in 1993 and ruled Nigeria as a dictator until his death in 1998. This delayed the return to democratic governance for several more years.
(iv) Emergence of Strong Pro-Democracy Movements: The annulment led to the birth of powerful pro-democracy groups such as the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), Campaign for Democracy (CD), and the Civil Liberties Organisation (CLO). These organizations mobilized both local and international support to challenge military rule and demand the actualization of the June 12 mandate.
(v) International Condemnation and Sanctions: The international community condemned the annulment of the election. Countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and members of the European Union imposed sanctions on Nigeria. These included suspension of foreign aid, visa bans on military officials, and Nigeria’s isolation from major international organizations.
(vi) Violation of Human Rights and Press Suppression: Following the annulment and the rise of military dictatorship, there was massive clampdown on freedom of speech and the press. Journalists were harassed, media houses were shut down, and pro-democracy activists were arrested or forced into exile. The military regime ruled through fear and oppression.
(vii) Economic Decline and Capital Flight: The political crisis led to economic instability. Foreign investors pulled out of Nigeria due to uncertainty, and local businesses suffered from government mismanagement and insecurity. The naira depreciated, inflation increased, and the living conditions of ordinary Nigerians worsened.
(viii) Heightened Ethnic and Regional Divisions: The annulment deepened ethnic and regional tensions, particularly between the North and the South-West. Many Yoruba people felt cheated and excluded from national affairs, which created a sense of injustice and marginalization. The unity of the country was threatened.
(ix) Death and Martyrdom of M.K.O Abiola: M.K.O Abiola, who was widely believed to have won the election, was later arrested in 1994 after he declared himself the rightful president. He was detained for several years and died under suspicious circumstances in prison on July 7, 1998. His death shocked the nation and made him a martyr for democracy.
(x) Birth of the Fourth Republic and Democratic Reforms: Despite the negative effects, the resistance against the annulment eventually contributed to the return of democracy in 1999. General Abdulsalami Abubakar, who took over after Abacha’s death, organized democratic elections that led to the emergence of President Olusegun Obasanjo and the beginning of the Fourth Republic. Lessons learned from the annulment helped shape electoral reforms and the need for stronger democratic institutions.
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Number 6
(6)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Supremacy of the Constitution: The Constitution declares itself as the supreme law of Nigeria. Section 1(1) states that any law or action that is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution is null and void. This ensures that all authorities and citizens operate within its framework.
(ii) Fundamental Human Rights: Chapter IV of the Constitution guarantees fundamental human rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, right to fair hearing, and freedom of movement. These rights are protected by law and enforceable in court.
(iii) Federal System of Government: The Constitution establishes Nigeria as a federal republic with three tiers of government: federal, state, and local governments. Each level has its own powers and responsibilities as provided in the Constitution.
(iv) Separation of Powers: The Constitution provides for the separation of powers among the three arms of government—Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary. Each arm is independent and is assigned specific functions to prevent abuse of power and ensure checks and balances.
(v) Establishment of the Executive Arm: The Constitution outlines the structure and powers of the executive at both federal and state levels. It provides for the offices of the President, Vice President, Governors, and their deputies, including their functions, term of office, and qualifications.
(vi) Establishment of the Legislature: The Constitution provides for a bicameral National Assembly, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives at the federal level, and a unicameral House of Assembly at the state level. It defines their legislative powers, composition, and law-making procedures.
(vii) Establishment of the Judiciary: The Constitution creates an independent judiciary with courts such as the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Federal High Court, and State High Courts. It guarantees the independence of judges and outlines their roles in interpreting the law and resolving disputes.
(viii) Citizenship and National Identity: The Constitution defines Nigerian citizenship and outlines how citizenship can be acquired by birth, registration, or naturalization. It also states the rights and responsibilities of citizens.
(ix) Conduct of Elections and Electoral Matters: The Constitution provides for democratic elections through periodic voting. It establishes the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and outlines its duties, such as voter registration, organizing elections, and declaring results.
(x) Amendment Procedure: The Constitution outlines a complex but clear process for its amendment. To amend a section, the proposal must be approved by two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly and at least two-thirds of the State Houses of Assembly. This ensures that changes are not made lightly.
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Number 7
(7)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Cold War Rivalry: After World War II, the world was divided into two opposing blocs, the capitalist West led by the United States and the communist East led by the Soviet Union. Tensions between these superpowers created an atmosphere of fear and mistrust. Many newly independent countries did not want to be drawn into this rivalry and therefore chose to remain non-aligned.
(ii) Desire for Independent Foreign Policy: Newly sovereign nations sought to make their own decisions on international matters without being influenced or controlled by either of the superpowers. The Non-Aligned Movement provided them with a platform to assert their independence in global affairs.
(iii) Opposition to Colonialism and Imperialism: Many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America had recently gained independence from colonial rule. They were united in their rejection of colonialism, imperialism, and foreign domination. The NAM became a collective voice against any form of external control or exploitation.
(iv) Promotion of Peace and Cooperation: The member states of NAM believed in peaceful coexistence, non-aggression, and mutual respect among nations. They aimed to reduce global tension and conflict by staying neutral and promoting diplomacy over military alliances.
(v) Economic Independence and South-South Cooperation: Developing countries realized that they needed to work together to improve their economies and reduce dependence on Western or Eastern powers. Through the Non-Aligned Movement, these countries could collaborate economically and share resources, technology, and knowledge.
(vi) Fear of Nuclear War and Arms Race: The increasing stockpile of nuclear weapons by the superpowers posed a major threat to world peace. Many countries joined NAM to advocate for nuclear disarmament and to distance themselves from the threat of a nuclear conflict.
(vii) Influence of Charismatic Leaders: Influential leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana were strong advocates for non-alignment. Their leadership, vision, and diplomacy played a vital role in uniting like-minded nations to form the movement.
(viii) The Bandung Conference of 1955: This conference, held in Indonesia, brought together leaders from Asia and Africa to discuss mutual concerns and cooperation. It promoted Afro-Asian solidarity and laid the foundation for the formal establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement.
(ix) Need for a Collective Voice on Global Issues: Individually, smaller and developing nations had little influence in global decision-making. Through NAM, they were able to form a unified front to advocate for their interests and influence international policies.
(x) Rejection of Military Alliances: The member states of the Non-Aligned Movement opposed joining military alliances such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact. They believed such alliances could compromise their sovereignty and involve them in unnecessary wars and conflicts.
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Number 8
(8)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Economic Assistance: Member-countries benefit from financial and technical assistance provided by the Commonwealth. These include grants, development aid, and support for infrastructure, education, and healthcare projects, especially in developing nations.
(ii) Educational Opportunities: The Commonwealth offers scholarships and exchange programs to students from member-states. The most notable is the Commonwealth Scholarship, which allows students to study in universities in other member countries, promoting academic growth and international exposure.
(iii) Promotion of Democracy and Good Governance: The Commonwealth promotes democratic values, rule of law, and good governance among its members. It sends observer missions during elections and supports countries in conducting free and fair elections, strengthening democratic institutions.
(iv) Cultural Exchange and Understanding: Member-states benefit from cultural interactions through Commonwealth games, festivals, and programs that promote mutual respect, understanding, and the celebration of cultural diversity.
(v) Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping Support: The Commonwealth assists in resolving political crises and conflicts through mediation, dialogue, and diplomacy. It also supports post-conflict reconstruction and peacebuilding in member nations.
(vi) Trade and Investment Promotion: The Commonwealth encourages trade among member countries by fostering cooperation and reducing trade barriers. It also creates a platform for investment opportunities, helping to stimulate economic growth.
(vii) Technical and Professional Training: Through various initiatives, the Commonwealth provides training and capacity-building for professionals such as teachers, health workers, public servants, and civil society groups, improving human resource development.
(viii) Youth and Women Empowerment: The Commonwealth empowers young people and women through targeted programs, leadership training, and advocacy. It supports gender equality and youth participation in governance and development.
(ix) Shared Use of English Language: Most member countries use English as an official or second language, which facilitates easier communication, cooperation, and exchange of ideas across different nations.
(x) Global Recognition and Diplomatic Support: Being a member of the Commonwealth enhances a country’s global profile. It provides diplomatic support in international platforms and strengthens multilateral relations among nations with shared historical tie
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Number 9
(9)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) To Promote Grassroots Development: One of the main reasons local government authorities are created is to promote the development of rural areas. Local governments help in constructing feeder roads, rural electrification, provision of clean water, healthcare services, and community schools. Without them, many remote communities would be neglected in terms of development.
(ii) To Decentralize Political and Administrative Power: Local governments serve as a means of decentralizing the powers of government. Instead of concentrating all powers at the federal or state level, local councils are empowered to make decisions that directly affect their communities. This ensures that governance is more responsive, efficient, and accessible.
(iii) To Encourage Popular Participation in Governance: The creation of local government authorities encourages more people to participate in governance. Citizens are able to vote for their local leaders, attend town hall meetings, and contribute to the decision-making process. This promotes democracy at the grassroots and builds trust in government.
(iv) To Ensure Efficient Delivery of Basic Services: Local governments are established to deliver basic services to the people more effectively. These include services like refuse collection, street cleaning, primary healthcare, market regulation, and maintenance of community infrastructure. Being closer to the people, they are in a better position to identify and address local needs.
(v) To Generate Revenue Locally: Local government authorities have the power to generate internal revenue through taxes, levies, and rates. These funds are used to finance development projects and maintain public services. By generating revenue locally, communities become more self-reliant and less dependent on federal allocations.
(vi) To Provide Employment Opportunities: Through the operation of local government institutions and projects, job opportunities are created for local residents. From teachers and health workers to cleaners and market staff, the local government provides employment for various categories of people in the community.
(vii) To Preserve Local Customs and Traditions: Local government authorities help to protect and promote the cultural heritage of the people. They work with traditional rulers and community leaders to organize festivals, support cultural programs, and ensure that local customs are respected in governance and development plans.
(viii) To Promote Peace and Conflict Resolution: Because they are familiar with the people and the terrain, local governments are in a good position to intervene in and resolve disputes. They help settle communal clashes, land disputes, and family disagreements through traditional and administrative channels, preventing them from escalating.
(ix) To Implement Government Policies at the Local Level: Local governments are responsible for implementing federal and state government policies in their respective areas. Whether it is a health campaign, education program, or agricultural initiative, the success of national policies often depends on effective local-level implementation.
(x) To Mobilize People for Development Activities: Local government councils help mobilize the people for communal development. They can encourage community members to participate in immunization campaigns, sanitation exercises, environmental awareness programs, and agricultural extension services. This kind of grassroots mobilization is crucial for national development.
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Number 10
(10)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Independent Electoral Commission: A truly free and fair election begins with an independent and non-partisan electoral body. In Nigeria, this is the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). It must be autonomous, well-resourced, and free from government or political party control to carry out its duties effectively. Its independence guarantees trust in the election results.
(ii) Adequate Voter Education: For elections to be free and fair, voters must be educated on the electoral process, their rights, and how to properly cast their votes. Voter education helps reduce the number of invalid votes and prevents manipulation. Civic organizations, government agencies, and the media should collaborate to carry out consistent voter enlightenment programs.
(iii) Availability of Security: Security must be provided for both electoral officers and voters before, during, and after the elections. The presence of neutral and well-trained security personnel helps to deter violence, voter intimidation, and electoral malpractices such as ballot snatching or result manipulation.
(iv) Transparent Electoral Process: Transparency in all stages of the election, from registration, voting, collation, to the announcement of results—is essential. Election materials must be available and distributed on time, and procedures like the electronic transmission of results can build public confidence in the outcome.
(v) Equal Access to the Media: All political parties and candidates must have equal opportunities to campaign through media outlets. If the media gives preference to certain candidates or parties, it creates an unfair advantage and undermines democratic principles.
(vi) Timely and Proper Voter Registration: There must be an accurate and up-to-date voter register. The voter registration process should be accessible, continuous, and properly managed to prevent disenfranchisement and to reduce electoral fraud such as multiple registrations.
(vii) Political Tolerance: All parties and supporters must accept opposing views and allow for peaceful coexistence. When political actors tolerate each other, it reduces the chance of violence and promotes a democratic environment where people can freely choose their leaders.
(viii) Impartial Judiciary: A functional and impartial judicial system is needed to handle electoral disputes fairly and promptly. Courts must be able to adjudicate on electoral matters without bias, and their judgments must be respected by all parties.
(ix) Use of Reliable Voting Technology: The introduction and proper use of modern electoral technologies such as the Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (BVAS) help prevent rigging, over-voting, and impersonation. Technology should be tested and trusted to ensure accuracy in the voting and collation processes.
(x) Non-Interference by the Ruling Party and Security Agencies: The government and its security arms must not interfere with the electoral process. When security agencies are used to intimidate voters or opposition candidates, the integrity of the election is compromised. Free and fair elections require neutrality from all state actors.
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